河西Design and calculation of industrial coolers
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：本文围绕工业冷却器的设计与计算展开，阐述了工业冷却器在工业生产中的关键作用，其能有效地降低设备或工艺流程的温度，保障系统稳定运行，详细介绍了设计环节，包括依据不同的工业场景和冷却需求确定冷却器的类型，如风冷式、水冷式等，同时考虑冷却介质的特性、流量等参数，在计算方面，着重讲解了热负荷的计算方法，通过分析被冷却对象的热量产生速率、环境温度等因素，精准计算出所需的换热量，还涉及冷却器传热面积、传热系数等关键参数的计算，以确保冷却器能达到预期的冷却效果。
1、Design basis
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Design Standard for Steel Structures GB50017-2017Steel Structure Design Manual, China Construction Industry Press, January 2004
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Code for Construction and Acceptance of Steel Structures (GB50205-2020)
British Code for Design of Steel Structures (BS5950)
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2、Design load
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河西Load includes structural self weight, wind turbine constant load, live load, snow load, wind load, etc. The structural calculation adopts the ultimate stress method, therefore, the load value is larger than usual. The surface load is calculated based on the distribution coefficient and applied to the platform according to the line load. The wind load is calculated based on the wind vibration coefficient, body shape coefficient, and basic wind pressure to calculate the wind pressure values on four surfaces, which are then converted into line loads and applied to the columns. Auxiliary components such as stair handrails are applied to the stairs according to uniformly distributed loads.
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河西1. Constant load
河西The self weight of the steel structure is automatically calculated by the program, and the node weight is considered based on the self weight of the structure multiplied by 1.3. The weight and fluid load of the radiator are applied by external forces.
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Platform constant load: 0.50kN/m2
2. Live load
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Live load of the platform for loading: 2.5kN/m2
河西3. Snow load
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河西According to relevant design data, the snow pressure can be basically calculated as 0.4N/m2.
河西4. Wind load
Calculate according to the maximum value.
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河西Basic wind pressure: 0.35kN/m2, height variation coefficient of 1.8, wind vibration coefficient: 1.5, ground roughness category: Class A
Class.
河西Is the standard value of wind load, is the wind vibration coefficient at height Z, is the shape coefficient of wind load, and is the coefficient of wind pressure height variation.
When the standard value of wind load is less than 0.75kpa, calculate based on 0.75 kPa and multiply by 1.4 times the safety factor. Namely
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河西5. Temperature load
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河西The temperature difference is relatively small. The structural form is single, and the linear expansion of steel has a relatively small impact on the overall performance of the structure, which can be ignored.
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河西6 Earthquake loads
According to the seismic analysis design method: small earthquakes do not damage, medium earthquakes are repairable, and large earthquakes do not collapse. Small earthquake analysis can be divided into: bottom shear force method, response spectrum analysis, and elastic time history analysis. Medium earthquake analysis is calculated by multiplying small earthquake analysis by amplification factor.
Seismic fortification intensity: 8 degrees
河西Design basic seismic acceleration peak value: 0.3g
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河西Construction site category: II site
河西Design grouping: Second group
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Damping ratio: 0.05
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This structure adopts MIADS software for overall modeling and analysis. During modeling, beam elements are mainly used for each structure. In order to facilitate loading, plate elements are established at the structural platform. Consolidation is used as the boundary condition at the bottom of each column, and constraints are applied at the connection between the column and the original structure according to the actual situation. The structure includes upright column, cross brace, slant support and upper and lower platform steel structure.
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Load sub factors and load combinations:
Number 河西 | 河西load | Partial coefficient remarks | Partial coefficient remarks 河西 |
河西1 | dead load | 1.3 | |
2 | Dead load, when it has a restraining effect on uplift and overturning 河西 | 河西1.0 河西 | |
河西3 | Dead load, when acting together with wind load and live load | 河西1.2 | |
河西4 河西 | 河西Live load 河西 | 1.6 河西 | |
5 河西 | Live load, when combined with wind load | 1.2 | |
河西6 | 河西Wind load 河西 | 1.4 河西 | |
7 河西 | When combined with wind load and live load | 河西1.2 河西 |
3、 Radiator calculation
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河西1. Material parameters
河西Aluminum alloy adopts 6005-T1, with tensile strength and yield strength equivalent to 6063-T5, tensile strength ≥ 150Mpa, yield stress ≥ 110 Mpa. According to the performance table of aluminum alloy, it is found that 6063-T5 has a tensile strength of 185Mpa, yield stress of 145 Mpa, and fatigue strength of 90MPa.
河西2. Working condition analysis
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河西The calculation of radiators can be divided into 1. lifting ondition,
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河西3. operating condition (operating condition is divided into
4.support and lifting point participate in force simultaneously.
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河西5.support bears gravity, while lifting point bears horizontal force.
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河西6.support does not bear any force, that is, when the overall structure is subjected to uneven settlement, there is a suspension at the bottom)
To ensure its stability, it is recommended that the foundation treatment should be pre compressed and settlement assessment should be carried out during the overall installation.
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河西2.1 Hoisting conditions
At this point, the radiator is only considered for its own weight due to the lack of fluid injection, and is lifted and installed through a side lifting point. Because no other accessories were installed during modeling, in order to estimate the weight more accurately, its self weight coefficient was defined as 1.3.
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The radiator structure consists of 1, frame 2, support beam 3, heat exchange tube 4, tube plate, and other ancillary structures. As the heat exchange tube and support beam are fixed together through a corrugated plate, it can be considered that the heat exchange tube participates in the structural stress, which leads to strain and stress generation.
河西The overall structural model is
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Radiator structural model
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河西The overall deformation of the radiator during the lifting process
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Stress cloud diagram of radiator during lifting process
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河西From its displacement cloud map, it can be seen that its overall deformation is 1.2mm, and the maximum stress is 15MPa
Stress cloud map of heat sink
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河西Displacement cloud map of heat sink
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河西From its displacement cloud map, it can be seen that its overall deformation is 1mm and the maximum stress is 2MPa. Through calculation, it can be seen that horizontal lifting has little effect on the heat dissipation fins, and its deformation and stress are far less than the standard requirements.
河西The vertical lifting situation is as follows:
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Vertical lifting stress cloud map
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